IP Routing
IP routing is basically the process of moving
packets from one network to another network using routers.
Here is the list of all the default routing labs and theories
1.
Routing protocols
Router use routing protocol to dynamically find all the
networks within the great internetwork and to ensure that all router have the
same routing table, routing protocols are also employed to determine the best
path a packet should through an internetwork to get its destination most
effectively. RIP, RIPv2, OSPF, and EIGRP are the most common routing
protocols.
Routed protocols
Routed protocols can be used to send user data (packets)
through the established enterprise. Routed protocols are assigned to an
interface and determine the method of packet delivery. E.g. IP and IPv6.
The three type of routing method.
Ø
Static routing
Ø
Default routing
Ø
Dynamic routing
Static Routing
Static routing is the process that ensure
when you manually add routes in each router’s routing table. There are the
advantages and disadvantages of Static Routing.
Here the advantages:
·
There is no overhead on the router CPU.
·
There is no bandwidth usage between routers.
·
It adds security because of you, the
administrator, can be very exclusive and choose to allow routing access to
certain networks only.
And here are the disadvantages:
·
The administrator is must have a vault-tight
knowledge of the internetwork and how each router is connected in order to
configure routes correctly. If you don’t have a good, accurate map of your
internetwork, things will get very messy.
·
If you add a network to the internetwork, you
have to tediously add a route to it on all routers by hand.
·
It’s just not feasible to use it in most large
networks because maintaining it would be a full-time job in itself.
Here’s the command syntax you use to add a static route to a routing table
from global
ip route
[destination network] [mask] [next-hop address or exit interface]
[administrative distance] [permanent]
ip route- the command used to change the static
route.
Destination network- the
network you’re placing in the routing table
Mask- the subnet mask being used on the network
Next-hop address- this is ip address o the next-hop router that will receive packets and forward
them to the remote network.
Exit interface- used in
place o the next-hop address if you want, and show up as a directly connected
route.
Administrative- distance by default, static routes have an administrative distance o 1 or
0. Next-hop AD is 1, and exit interface AD is 0.
Permanent- if the interface is shut down or the router
can’t communicate to the next-hop router, the route will automatically
discarded from the routing table by
default. Choosing the permanent
option
keeps the entry in the routing table no matter what happens.
Static routing config:
Topology
GOAL:
·
Design topology and assign IP addresses as per
the diagram.
·
Configure static routing on Router Luke, mark,
and john. And ensure that all the LAN interfaces can ping to each other.
LUKE#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Serial3/0 10.1.1.1 YES manual up up
Loopback0 192.168.100.50 YES manual up up
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Serial3/0 10.1.1.2 YES manual up up
Serial3/1 11.1.1.2 YES manual up up
Loopback0 192.168.150.75 YES manual up up
JOHN#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Serial3/1 11.1.1.1 YES manual up up
Loopback0 192.168.200.100 YES manual up up
LUKE(config)#ip route 192.168.150.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.2
LUKE(config)#ip route 192.168.200.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.2
LUKE(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.1.1.2
MARK(config)#ip route 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1
MARK(config)#ip route 192.168.200.0 255.255.255.0 11.1.1.1
JOHN(config)#ip route 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0 11.1.1.2
JOHN(config)#ip route 192.168.150.0 255.255.255.0 11.1.1.2
JOHN(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.1.1.2
LUKE#show ip route static
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
Gateway of last resort is not set
S 11.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 10.1.1.2
S 192.168.150.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.1.2
S 192.168.200.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.1.2
MARK#show ip route static
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
Gateway of last resort is not set
S 192.168.100.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.1.1
S 192.168.200.0/24 [1/0] via 11.1.1.1
JOHN#show ip route static
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
Gateway of last resort is not set
S 10.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 11.1.1.2
S 192.168.100.0/24 [1/0] via 11.1.1.2
S 192.168.150.0/24 [1/0] via 11.1.1.2
LUKE#ping 192.168.200.100
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.200.100, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 44/48/64 ms
LUKE#ping 192.168.150.75
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.150.75, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/24/28 ms
LUKE#ping 11.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 11.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/25/36 ms
MARK#ping 192.168.100.50
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.100.50, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/14/24 ms
MARK#ping 192.168.200.100
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.200.100, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 8/12/28 ms
JOHN#ping 192.168.100.50
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.100.50, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 24/32/40 ms
JOHN#ping 192.168.150.75
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.150.75, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/20/20 ms
JOHN#ping 10.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/45/60 ms
Default Routing
Default route is used by IP to forward any
packet with a destination not found in the routing table, which is why it is
also called a gateway of last resort. Also can be used at end location where is
only one exit path for any destination (internet).
Default routes help in reducing the size of
your routing table. It’s a last preferred route in the routing table.
Dynamic routing
Dynamic routing is used to find networks and
update routing tables on routers dynamically. Its easier than using static or
default routing, but it will cost you in term o router CPU processing and
bandwidth on network link.
Advantages of dynamic over static:
·
There is no need to know the destination
networks.
·
Need to advertise the directly connected
networks.
·
Update the topology change dynamically
·
Administrative work is reduce.
·
Used for large organization.
·
This is easier than using static or default
routing.
Administrative
distance
The
administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the trustworthiness of routing
information received on a router from a neighbor routers. An administrative distance
is an integer from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no
traffic will be passed via this route.
Default
administrative distance
Connected
interface = 0
Static
route =1
EIGRP =90
OSPF =110
RIP =120
External
EIGRP =170
Unknown = 255 (this route will
never used).
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